Aquaculture provides approximately 20 million of the 140 million metric tons of fish and shellfish consumed in the world annually. The remaining 120 million metric tons are harvested from naturally existing populations, principally from marine fisheries, many of which are at their maximum sustainable yields, are in decline, or have completely collapsed. China dominates the world in the aquacultural production of fish and shellfish, of which more than half by weight are raised in China. However, several countries in Europe and North America are among the top 10 producers. Total global production by aquaculture is expected to grow from 20 to 55 million metric tons by 2025, with no increase, and possibly even declines, in harvests from the capture fisheries (Georgiadis et al, 2000).
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1. Introduction 1
2. Aquaponics 2
3. Plants 5
a) Bacillus thuringiensis 7
b) Insecticidal Soaps 9
4. Fish 11
5. Water 12
a) Algae 18
b) Contaminants in Water 20
i) Hormones 20
ii) Drugs 21
iii) Polychlorinated biphenyls 22
iv) Organic Pollutants -- Pesticides, Herbicides, etc. 23
v) Manure 25
vi) Metals 26
vii) Odors, Off Flavors, etc.. 27
6. Feed 28
7. Food Safety 29
8. Bacterial Diseases that may affect Fish and/or Humans 33
a) Streptococcus spp. 37
b) Edwardsiella spp. 40
c) Aeromonas spp. 41
d) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 43
e) Vibrio spp. 43
f) Mycobacterium Spp. 44
g) Listeria Spp. 46
h) Clostridium botulinum 47
9. Public Health and Bacteria Associated with Fish 49
a) Food poisoning caused by pathogens in the aquatic environment 50
b) Bacterial spoilage of fish 51
10. Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance 52
11. ‘Neutraceuticals’ and Bacteriophages – Practical Alternatives to Antibiotics? 60
a) ‘Neutraceuticals’ 60
i) Probiotics 62
ii) Prebiotics 63
iii) Immunostimulants 64
iv) Spirulina spp. 67
b) Bacteriophages 68
12. Comments and Conclusions 70
13. Addendum 76
a) Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points 76
14. Acknowledgments 77
15. References 1
16. Supplementary References | 
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